Fig. 2

Subsets analysis of epithelial cells. A The UMAP coloured according to the epithelial subgroups in scRNA-seq data. B–F Subsets analysis of epithelial cells using integrating scRNA-seq and ST data: B Bar plot illustrating the weight of LE, BE, Club, and Hillock cell subgroups both within and outside the nodule; C Bar plot (up) and BPH tissue slide (down) illustrating the ratio of LE weight versus BE weight; D Heatmap displaying the weight of each epithelial cell subgroup for epithelial clusters in ST data; E Heatmap displaying the significantly enriched signaling pathways between LE1 and LE2 cells on Hallmark gene-set collection (N = 50) (left), and bar plot illustrating the weight of LE1 and LE2 subgroups both within and outside the nodule (right); F Heatmap displaying the significantly enriched signaling pathways among eight BE subgroups on Hallmark gene-set collection (N = 50) (left); Bar plot illustrating the weight of each BE subgroup both within and outside the nodule (right). G The UMAP of potential trajectory of all epithelial cells in scRNA-seq data. H The UMAP coloured according to the singscore of each Hallmark gene-set in scRNA-seq data. p values of the comparison between two variables were determined by a two-sided t test. Error bar represented standard error. “**”, p value < 0.01; “****”, p value < 0.0001