Fig. 9

Biological characteristics of acinar cells involved in ERS in AP. A ERS signaling was significantly activated in acinar cells due to excessive unfolded/misfolded proteins, which could be degraded by ERAD pathways including ubiquitin–proteasome system and autophagy-lysosome system. B The fate of endocytic vesicles containing mixed enzymes and zymogens: a ruptured when losing the protection by actin coat, which led to cell death; b underwent trans-epithelial transport of long distance then secreted outside of cells ectopically; c being wrapped by monolayer LC3 and degraded by LNCA; d recirculated into secretory compartments, which was blocked during AP