Fig. 2
From: Immersed in a reservoir of potential: amniotic fluid-derived extracellular vesicles
Commonly employed EV isolation and characterisation methods. Human/animal AF or conditioned media of AF stem cell/MSC cultures are first subjected to differential centrifugation to remove cellular debris. The supernatant is subjected to ultracentrifugation/size-exclusion chromatography/affinity chromatography or a combination of these methods. An optional further purification of the isolated EV population is achieved using density gradient centrifugation, filtration, or ion-exchange chromatography. Isolated EVs are characterised using nanoparticle tracking analysis for EV concentration and size range, transmission electron microscopy for EV morphology and Western blotting to analyse EV protein markers. Figure created with BioRender.com