Table 2 Baseline characteristics of enrolled DR and non-DR participants
|  | Total (N = 7569) | non-DR (N = 5949) | DR (N = 1620) | P val |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 63 (54,72) | 63 (53,72) | 64 (55,73) | 0.055 |
Gender | Â | Â | Â | 0.776 |
 Female |  | 2888 (48.55%) | 780 (48.15%) |  |
 Male |  | 3061 (51.45%) | 840 (51.85%) |  |
Race | Â | Â | Â | 0.058 |
 Mexican American | 1361 (17.98%) | 1069 (17.97%) | 292 (18.02%) |  |
 Non-Hispanic Black | 2063 (27.26%) | 1611 (27.08%) | 452 (27.90%) |  |
 Non-Hispanic White | 2663 (35.18%) | 2137 (35.92%) | 526 (32.47%) |  |
 Other Hispanic | 685 (9.05%) | 520 (8.74%) | 165 (10.19%) |  |
 Other race—including multi-racial | 797 (10.53%) | 612 (10.29%) | 185 (11.42%) |  |
BMI(kg/m2) | Â | Â | Â | 0.128 |
 Low weight | 30 (0.4%) | 25 (0.5%) | 5 (0.3%) |  |
 Normal weight | 974 (14.0%) | 747 (13.6%) | 227 (15.5%) |  |
 Overweight | 2091 (30.0%) | 1679 (30.5%) | 412 (28.1%) |  |
 Obese | 3877 (55.6%) | 3054 (55.5%) | 823 (56.1%) |  |
HbA1c (%) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 < 7.0 | 3629 (52.8%) | 3001 (55.5%) | 628 (43.1%) |  |
  ≥ 7.0 | 3238 (47.2%) | 2410 (44.5%) | 828 (56.9%) |  |
Triglyceride (mg/dl) | 148 (101,220) | 148 (101,220) | 148 (99,221) | 0.966 |
cholesterol (mg/dl) | 176 (149,208) | 176 (150,208) | 174 (147,209) | 0.615 |
Hypertension |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 No | 2028 (26.9%) | 1661 (28.0%) | 367 (22.7%) |  |
 Yes | 5525 (73.1%) | 4275 (72.0%) | 1250 (77.3%) |  |
Smoke | Â | Â | Â | 0.165 |
 Never | 3766 (50.2%) | 2938 (49.9%) | 828 (51.2%) |  |
 Former | 2555 (34.1%) | 1997 (33.9%) | 558 (34.5%) |  |
 Now | 1182 (15.8%) | 952 (16.2%) | 230 (14.2%) |  |
Alcohol consumption |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Never | 1132 (19.0%) | 868 (18.5%) | 264 (21.2%) |  |
 Former | 1524 (25.6%) | 1157 (24.6%) | 367 (29.5%) |  |
 Mild | 1975 (33.2%) | 1600 (34.0%) | 375 (30.1%) |  |
 Moderate | 597 (10.0%) | 500 (10.6%) | 97 (7.8%) |  |
 Heavy | 719 (12.1%) | 577(12.3%) | 142 (11.4%) |  |
DM duration (years) |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 0–5 | 2484 (33.6%) | 2168 (37.5%) | 316 (19.7%) |  |
 5–10 | 1593 (21.6%) | 1310 (22.6%) | 283 (17.7%) |  |
 > 10 | 3312 (44.8%) | 2309 (39.9%) | 1003 (62.6%) |  |
Statin use status |  |  |  |  < 0.001 |
 Not taking statins | 414 (5.5%) | 373(6.3%) | 41 (2.5%) |  |
 Taking other drugs | 3278 (43.3%) | 2604 (43.8%) | 674 (41.6%) |  |
 Taking statins | 3877 (51.2%) | 2972 (50.0%) | 905 (55.9%) |  |