Statins as a risk factor for diabetic retinopathy: a Mendelian randomization and cross-sectional observational study

Table 1 Results of Cochran’s Q test, MR-Egger-intercept test, MR-PRESSO and HEIDI test for MR analyses of causal relations between statins and DR

Outcome	No. (1)	No. (2)	Cochran’s Q test		MR-Egger intercept test		MR-PRESSO	HEIDI test
Outcome	No. (1)	No. (2)	Q statistic	P-value	Intercept	P-value	P-value of global test	P-value	nSNP
DR	921	17	14.26	0.58	0.023	0.23	0.66	0.59	20
NPDR		17	5.54	0.99	0.023	0.44	0.99	0.46	20
PDR		17	18.58	0.29	0.044	0.28	0.36	0.31	20

DR: Diabetic retinopathy; NPDR: Non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy; PDR: Proliferative diabetic retinopathy; No. (1): Numbers of eligible cis-eQTLs (expression quantitative trait loci studies) of HMGCR (3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase); No. (2): Numbers of genetic instruments not containing palindromic sequences or not being the outliers. MR: Mendelian randomization; MR-PRESSO: Mendelian randomization pleiotropy residual sum and outlier; HEIDI: Heterogeneity in dependent instruments, nSNP: Numbers of single nucleotide polymorphism

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