Fig. 2
BBB disruption, passive cavitation detection, and in vivo quantification. Representative in vivo passive cavitation detection measurements. a The doses of stable harmonic cavitation (green), stable ultraharmonic (blue), and inertial cavitation (red) throughout sonication. b Spectrogram and c acoustic energy of MBs cavitation during FUS exposure. d Representative T1 + C MRI confirmed BBBO after FUS sonication, with e) BBB closure observed approximately 72 h later. The quantification of T1 + C MRI for (f) BBB opening volume (mm3) and (g) contrast enhancement (%). Values are group means ± SD. P-values were calculated relative to the FUS-only group using unpaired t tests with Welch’s correction. NS indicates non-significant (P > 0.05)