Fig. 3

CAPE suppressed neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress of HMGB1-stimulated BV-2 microglia in vitro. A WB analysis of iNOS, COX-2, NOX-2, and NOX-4 levels in HMGB1-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells after CAPE or MP treatment for 3 h; n = 3. β-actin was used as the control. B Bar graph showing a quantitative analysis of iNOS expression; n = 3. C Bar graph showing a quantitative analysis of COX-2 expression; n = 3. D Bar graph showing a quantitative analysis of NOX-4 expression; n = 3. E Bar graph showing a quantitative analysis of NOX-2 expression; n = 3. F–H Relative mRNA levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in HMGB1-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells after CAPE or MP treatment for 3 h; n = 3. I–L Relative mRNA levels of PTGS2, NOS2, NOX-2, and NOX-4, respectively, in HMGB1-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells after CAPE or MP treatment for 3 h; n = 3. M Representative immunofluorescence images of iNOS (red) and IBA-1 (green) in HMGB1-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells after CAPE or MP treatment for 3 h; n = 3. N Representative immunofluorescence images of NOX-4 (red) and IBA-1 (green) in HMGB1-stimulated BV-2 microglial cells after CAPE or MP treatment for 3 h; n = 3. Data are shown as means ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ^#p < 0.05 vs. Control group, *p < 0.05 vs. HMGB1 group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, n.s. = no significance