Fig. 2

CAPE inhibited SCI-induced microglial neuro-inflammation and oxidative stress. A WB analysis of iNOS, COX-2, NOX-2, and NOX-4 levels in injured spinal cords at 7 dpi; n = 3. β-actin was used as the control. B Bar graph showing a quantitative analysis of iNOS expression; n = 3. C Bar graph showing a quantitative analysis of COX-2 expression; n = 3. D Bar graph showing a quantitative analysis of NOX-2 expression; n = 3. E Bar graph showing a quantitative analysis of NOX-4 expression; n = 3. F Double immunofluorescence labeling of microglia for IBA-1(green) and iNOS (red), obtained from longitudinal Sects. 1 mm caudal to the lesion site at 7 dpi. Scale bar = 50 μm. G Quantitative analysis of iNOS fluorescence intensity at 7 dpi. H, Double immunofluorescence labeling of microglia for IBA-1(green) and NOX-4 (red), obtained from longitudinal Sects. 1 mm caudal to the lesion site at 7 dpi. Scale bar = 50 μm. I Quantitative analysis of NOX-4 fluorescence intensity at 7 dpi. J Double immunofluorescence labeling of microglia for IBA-1 (red) and astrocytes for GFAP (green) obtained from longitudinal sections centered around the injured core (3 mm) at 7 dpi; Scale bar = 50 μm. K Quantitative analysis of the area of astrocyte scar at 7 dpi. L Quantitative analysis of the area of microglia scar at 7 dpi. Data are shown as means ± SEM. Statistical significance was determined with one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post hoc test. ^#p < 0.05 vs. Sham group, *p < 0.05 vs. SCI group, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001, n.s. = no significance