Fig. 1

Confirmation of the poor prognosis association of CAFs using multiple datasets and algorithms. A Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining images displaying OC tissues at different stages. Histogram of the percentage of matrix in different samples. FIGO I sampels (n = 10), FIGO III sampels (n = 10), Scale bar: 100 μm. B Immunohistochemical staining images showing the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) in different tissues. Scale bar: 100 μm. C Histogram of ACTA2 score in different samples.Normal sampels (n = 18), OC sampels (n = 32). D Representative morphological images obtained through multiple fluorescence staining techniques, depicting tissues from FIGO stage I (upper) and FIGO stage III (lower) patients. The purple color represents α-SMA positivity, the red color indicates FOXP3 positivity, and the blue color indicates DAPI staining for nuclear identification. Scale bar: 100 μm. E Differential distribution of cells (CAFs and Tregs) across samples in the TCGA-OV cohort (xcell algorithm). F Kaplan–Meier plot illustrating survival analysis based on CAFs scores in different cohorts, utilizing the EPIC algorithm. G Kaplan–Meier plot showcasing survival analysis based on CAFs scores in different cohorts, utilizing the xCell algorithm. H Kaplan–Meier plot demonstrating survival analysis based on CAFs scores in different cohorts, employing the MCPcounter algorithm. Note: GPL570 cohort (n = 472; GSE19829, GSE18520, GSE9891, GSE26193, GSE30161, and GSE63885), GPL7759 cohort (n = 413, GSE13876), GPL96 cohort (n = 395, GSE3149, GSE23554, GSE276712, and GSE14764), the GPL14951 cohort (n = 273, GSE140082), the GPL2986 cohort(n = 193, GSE49997), and the RNA-seq cohort (n = 475, TCGA-OV and ICGC-OV)