Fig. 1

HBV-DNA-Pol⁺ Huh7 cells inhibited the function of Jurkat cells. A, B HBV DNA polymerase inhibites the proliferation of Jurkat cells after direct co-culture. A Jurkat cells were directly co-cultured with HBV-DNA-Pol⁺ Huh7 cells or control cells for 24 h, then isolated and stained with CFSE, flow cytometry was used to measure proliferation rates after 48 h of Con A stimulation. B Results are plotted after quantification. C, D HBV DNA polymerase inhibits Jurkat cell activation after direct co-culture. C Jurkat cells were directly co-cultured with HBV-DNA-Pol⁺ Huh7 cells or control cells for 24 h, then isolated and CD69 expression was detected by flow cytometry after 24 h of Con A stimulation. D Quantification results are shown. E, F HBV DNA polymerase inhibits cytokine secretion in Jurkat cells after direct coculture. E Jurkat cells were directly co-cultured with HBV-DNA-Pol⁺ Huh7 cells or control cells for 24 h and then isolated to measure IFN-γ and TNF-α production by flow cytometry 24 h after Con A stimulation. F IFN-γ and TNF-α production was summarized. G, H HBV DNA polymerase does not impair the proliferation of Jurkat cells after indirect co-culture. G Jurkat cells were indirectly co-cultured with HBV-DNA-Pol⁺ Huh7 cells or control cells for 24 h, isolated and stained with CFSE, and proliferation rates were measured by flow cytometry after 48 h of Con A stimulation. H Results are plotted after quantification. I, J HBV DNA polymerase does not impair the activation of Jurkat cells after indirect co-culture. I Jurkat cells were indirectly co-cultured with HBV-DNA-Pol⁺ Huh7 cells or control cells for 24 h, then isolated and CD69 expression was determined by flow cytometry after 24 h of Con A stimulation. J Quantification results are shown. K, L HBV DNA polymerase does not impair cytokine secretion in Jurkat cells after indirect coculture. K Jurkat cells were indirectly co-cultured with HBV-DNA-Pol⁺ Huh7 cells or control cells for 24 h and then isolated to measure IFN-γ and TNF-α production by flow cytometry 24 h after Con A stimulation. L IFN-γ and TNF-α production was summarized. Three independent experiments were performed for all statistical comparisons (mean ± S.D., n = 3, Student’s t-test). **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, ns, no significant