Lactate infusion elevates cardiac output through increased heart rate and decreased vascular resistance: a randomised, blinded, crossover trial in a healthy porcine model

Table 3 Biochemical parameters

	Mean after 120 min		Linear mixed model
	Control	Lactate	Change compared with control	95% CI	P-value	P-value for interaction
pH	7.50 ± 0.11	7.60 ± 0.06	0.22	0.20 to 0.24	< 0.001	0.007
HCO₃⁻ (mmol/L)	36 ± 9	47 ± 5	21	19 to 22	< 0.001	< 0.001
Potassium (mmol/L)	3.7 ± 0.49	3.6 ± 0.69	-0.97	-1.30 to -0.65	< 0.001	0.15
Natrium (mmol/L)	160 ± 6	158 ± 8	-3.6	-4.8 to -2.4	< 0.001	0.4
Strong ion difference (mmol/L)	49.0 ± 8.2	59.0 ± 2.6	19.0	17.0 to 21.0	< 0.001	< 0.001
Hgb (mmol/L)	5.90 ± 0.90	5.90 ± 0.42	0.10	-0.22 to 0.42	0.5	0.5
Glucose (mmol/L)	5.20 ± 1.30	6.20 ± 1.00	1.60	0.52 to 2.70	0.007	0.4
Lactate (mmol/L)	0.79 ± 0.24	9.60 ± 1.40	9.9	9.1 to 11.0	< 0.001	0.2
FFA (mmol/L)	0.40 ± 0.25	0.45 ± 0.36	0.12	-0.28 to 0.52	0.6	0.5
Osmolarity (mmol/L)	330 ± 13	326 ± 15	-5.6	-8.2 to -3.0	< 0.001	0.6
Insulin (mU/L)	1.0 ± 0.4	3.5 ± 2.0	3.2	1.6 to 4.8	< 0.001	> 0.9
3-hydroxybutyrate (µmol/L)	6.6 ± 4.5	5.8 ± 6.0	-1.5	-6.0 to 3.1	0.5	0.9
Diuresis (mL)	138 ± 189	107 ± 75	18	-176 to 212	0.9	0.082

Mean values are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD). Mean values of biochemical parameters measured in arterial blood after 120 min of each infusion. Change compared with control is the development in each outcome during lactate infusion compared with control infusion. Bold values indicate p < 0.05
HCO3− bicarbonate, Hgb haemoglobin, FFA free fatty acids

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