Fig. 4

Longitudinal dynamics of human gut microbiota and SFCA in the Clostridium Butyricum (CB) treated group. a The alpha diversity of the CB group gut microbiota over time. b Chaos diversity index of gut microbiota in the control group and the CB group. c The PCoA analysis of CB group gut microbiota at each time point. d Tracing the OTUs in each time point. The bands of each color indicate the different phyla. e The temporal changes of bacterial abundance at the phylum level. The significant points represent changes from Pre. f Clustering of the gut microbiota at the genus level and different time points, a log10 transformation was performed on the OTU. g Significantly different genera at each time point, compared to the Pre time point with a p-value < 0.05 (using Wilcoxon rank-sum test), are shown. Colours in the heatmap represent z-values obtained from the Wilcoxon rank sum test. h The changes of SCFAs in fecal samples, normalized to Pre. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01