Fig. 5

Gene enrichment analysis. A Enrichment results of GSEA in the disease group vs. the healthy group are visualized in dotplots. Positive and negative NES values were utilized to differentiate upregulated and suppressed groups. The sizes of the dots represent the numbers of genes enriched in the pathway, and the colour represents the corrected p value. Colours closer to red represent stronger significance, and colours closer to blue represent weaker significance. GeneRatio = Count/setSize. B GSEA enrichment map. The size of the circle represents the number of genes enriched in the pathway. The colour represents the size of the adjusted p value, where the closer the colour is to blue, the less statistically significant the difference is, and the closer the colour is to red, the more statistically significant the difference is. C GSEA enrichment plot showing the enrichment results of specific pathways in this dataset. D ssGSEA was visualized by box plots. Yellow and gray colours were used to represent healthy and diseased groups, respectively, and p values were calculated by the Wilcoxon test. E Heatmap visualization of ssGSEA results. The yellow and gray squares at the top represent the healthy and diseased groups, respectively. Red and blue in the body of the heatmap represent positive and negative values of normalized pathway expression, respectively. The darker the red colour, the higher the expression value, and the darker the blue colour, the lower the expression value. The two columns on the right side of the heatmap represent the significance (p value) and the multiplicity of differences (Log2 FoldChange) for each pathway between different groups. The darker the blue colour, the more statistically significant the difference. The longer the yellow columns are, the greater the multiplicity of differences between groups. GSEA: Gene Set Enrichment Analysis; NES: normalized enrichment score; ssGSEA: Single-sample Gene Set Enrichment Analysis