Fig. 2

Differentially expressed gene analysis. A The results of gene variance analysis were visualized by volcano plots. The red points represent upregulated genes, the blue points represent downregulated genes, and the grey points represent genes that are not statistically significant. B Gene difference analysis results visualized by heatmap. The top of the heatmap shows the data groupings (healthy and diseased groups). The body of the heatmap displays the normalized gene expression values with squares of different colour gradients. Darker red colours represent higher gene expression values, and darker blue colours represent lower gene expression values. The right side of the heatmap shows the significance (p value) and fold change (Log2FoldChange) of the results of differential gene expression analysis. The calculation of p values and fold changes was based on the limma package