Fig. 5

Iba1, TREM2, and β-sheet rich Aβ plaque in the hippocampus of 3xTg-AD mice with TfRMAb-TNFR treatment. Representative confocal images of Iba1-positive microglia (green) and TREM2-positive microglia (red) of the 3xTg-AD mice with or without TfRMAb-TNFR-treatment (Ai). Representative 3D rendering of z-stack images generated using Imaris software (Aii) and an orthogonal view (Aiii) showing Iba1 (green) and TREM2 (red) colocalization. Scale bar = 5–10 µm in A as indicated. Plaque-bearing (subiculum) black-boxed region and plaque-free (CA2) red-boxed region in the thumbnail brain section image in B were imaged to quantify Iba1-positive area % (B) and TREM2-positive area % (C). The thumbnail image in B was taken from the Allen Institute. Representative images of β-sheet-rich Aβ plaques (blue) and microglia (Iba1, green) staining in the plaque-bearing subiculum of Tg-Saline or Tg-TfRMAb-TNFR mice and the resulting β-sheet-rich Aβ plaque-positive area % (D). Representative confocal images showing Iba1 (green), TREM2 (red), and β-sheet-rich Aβ (blue) fluorescence staining in the plaque-bearing subiculum of 3xTg-AD mice with or without TfRMAb-TNFR treatment (E). Scale bar = 25 μm in D–E. Mature Aβ plaque-associated microglial MFI (F) and mature Aβ plaque-associated TREM2 MFI (G). Quantifications in F and G are based on the circular regions of interest outlined in E. The data are shown as Mean ± SEM for WT-Saline (n = 9), Tg-Saline (n = 11), and Tg-TfRMAb-TNFR (n = 11) mice. Data were analyzed using the two-way repeated measures ANOVA with Holm Sidak’s post-hoc test in B–D, and unpaired t-test and Mann–Whitney U test in F, G, respectively. Outliers have been detailed in Additional file 1: Table. S1. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, and ***p < 0.001 for the indicated comparisons