Fig. 2

Comparison of gut mycobiome diversity and structure between ESRD patients and healthy controls. A PCoA based on Bray–Curtis distance of the fungal profiles at the species level. The plot displayed the distribution of samples along PCoA1 and PCoA2, with ellipsoids indicating the 80% confidence interval for each group. The bottom and left boxplots displayed the sample scores in PCoA1 and PCoA2. B Comparison of alpha diversity indexes between ESRD patients and healthy controls. The p-value was determined by the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. C Pie chart showing the composition of fungal subphyla in each group. The percentages represented the average relative abundance of each subphylum. D Distribution of the top 10 abundant genera across all samples. E Boxplots showing the relative abundances of the genera Aspergillus and Hortaea in each group. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test with Benjamini and Hochberg adjustment