Gut microbial metabolites SCFAs and chronic kidney disease

Table 2 SCFAs regulate immune imbalance in CKD patients through immune pathways

	Targeted cells	Ligand	Function	References
Anti-inflammatory	T-lymphocyte	Acetate; Propionate; Butyrate	Th1 cell↑; Th17 cell↑; Treg cell↑; IL-18↑	[58]
	LPS-induced monocytes	Acetate; Propionate; Butyrate	TNF↓; NF-κB↓; NOS↓	[59]
	Dendritic cell; Macrophage	Acetate; Propionate; Butyrate	IL-6↓; IL-12↓	[56]
	Macrophage	Butyrate	NOS↓; TNF↓; MCP-1↓; IL-6↓	[60]
	Endothelial cell	Butyrate	IL-6↓; ROS↓	[61]

ISSN: 1479-5876