Fig. 4From: Gut microbial metabolites SCFAs and chronic kidney diseaseCharacteristics and formation mechanisms of vascular calcification. In the face of environmental changes (e.g. oxidative stress, disturbed calcium and phosphorus metabolism, increased release of pro-inflammatory factors, etc.), VSMCs activate the ALK/Smad pathway, Msx2, and Wnt pathway to promote the transformation of the VSMC cell phenotype from contractile to osteoblasticBack to article page