Fig. 5

Validation of the expression patterns of central genes in the LRGS. A The t-SNE plot demonstrates the expression patterns of essential genes within the LRGS across distinct cell types based on single-cell RNAseq. B Functional enrichment analysis (GO analysis) highlighting the biological processes associated with the central genes of the LRGS in single-cell transcriptomic data. C Comparative qPCR analysis illustrating the expression disparities of LRGS risk genes, including AP2M1, LY6E, RBM17, HSPA1B, ARPC1B, ARL4C, NR1H2, TERF2IP, MED10, and HSPB1, between normal colon epithelial cell NCM460 (N) and various CRC cell lines including HCT8, HCT15, HCT116, RKO, DLD1, SW480, SW620 (T). D Comparative qPCR analysis showcasing the differential expression of LRGS risk genes in adjacent normal tissues (N) and cancerous tissues (T). N = 20 samples for each group and data are representative of three independent experiments. Error bars indicate mean ± SEM. E–I Representative IHC images of protein expression for AP2M1 (E), LY6E (F), ARL4C (G), ARPC1B (H), and TERF2IP (I) in normal and cancerous tissues. Scale bar: left panel, 200 μm; right panel, 50 μm. Statistical significance: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001