Fig. 1

Study Flow. The recruitment period for eligible participants in this study was from May 2021 to December 2022. A total of 462 AP patients were observed at Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, among which 260 participants were excluded based on the exclusion criteria. Ultimately, 202 patients were enrolled as the training cohort. Similarly, at Changsha Central Hospital, 100 participants were identified as the validation cohort. Acute pancreatitis patients are classified into different groups based on the presence or absence of IPN occurrence after admission