From: Pharmacological and cell-based treatments to increase local skin flap viability in animal models
Pharmacologic therapy | MoA | RoA | Animal model | Treatment protocol | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Propylthiouracil (PTU)/methimazole (MMI) | Drug-induced hypothyroidism to decrease oxidative stress, necrosis and apoptosis, enhanced NO vasodilation effect | Oral adminstration or local injection | Rat bi-pedicled dorsal random-pattern skin flap | Pre-operative oral administration for 4Â weeks or immediate pre-operative injection at points 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5Â cm from the cranial margin at the level of the subfascial plane of the panniculus carnosus | Rahimpour et al. [46] |
Chlorogenic Acid | Removal of radicals, downregulation of MDA levels. Upregulation of SOD, reduced glutathione and superoxide dismutase levels | Intraperitoneal injection | Rat abdominal skin flap, modified McFarlane dorsal flap | Single immediate post-operative injection | Bagdas et al. [44] |
Allopurinol | Inhibition of xanthine oxidase | Oral | Dogs island adipofascial cutaneous flap | Pre-operative administration for 1Â week and until 48Â h post-operatively | Ardakani et al. [47] |
Glutathione and vitamins A, C, and E | Natural anti-oxidants, reduce free radicals | Oral or intravenous injection | Rat abdominal wall skin flap | Beta-Carotene-Vit A (Oral) Alpha-D-Tocopherol-Vit E (Oral) Ascorbic acid-Vit C (IV) Glutathione GSH (IV) IV injections administered 1 h post-operatively Daily oral administration for 3 days pre-operatively and a fourth dose 1–2 h post-operatively | Hayden el al. [48] |