Fig. 1

Multiple immunofluorescence (mIF) identifies T_RM and their spatial infiltration features in patients with NSCLC. A The merged and single-stained images for the panel of mIF. B Diagram illustrating the calculation of cell density (Dens), infiltration score (InS), mean nearest neighboring distance (mNND) and cancer-cell proximity score (CCPS). Line a ~ s represent the nearest distance from each immune cell to its neighboring cancer cell when calculating mNND. C Proportion of CD8⁺CD103⁺ cells (T_RM cells) in total CD103⁺ cells. D Proportion of CD8⁺CD103⁺ cells (T_RM cells) T_RM in total CD8⁺ cells. E–G Differences of spatial infiltration features between T_RM and T_non-RM. Statistical significance was calculated using the Mann–Whitney U test