Fig. 3

Activation of insulin receptor by rectal insulin instillation exacerbates DSS induced chronic colitis. A animal model schematic outline of Control group, DSS group and DSS + insulin group. 2U, 6U, 12U/Kg insulin were used in different DSS + insulin groups. Five mice at least per group were analyzed. b–d Weight change, DAI score and colon length of Control group, DSS group and DSS + insulin group. n ≥ 5. e mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-ɑ in Control group, DSS group and DSS + insulin group were analyzed by qPCR. n ≥ 3. f representative histological sections of the colon from Control group, DSS group and DSS + insluin group. Sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin. g Concentration of TNF-ɑ, IL-6, IL-17, IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-4 and IL-2 in colon segment culture supernatant were analyzed by Cytometric Bead Array(CBA). n = 3