Fig. 4

The LDA effect size analysis (LEfSe) results highlights distinctions in the cervical microbiome based on cervical lesion classification. A The cladogram depicts differentially abundant microbial clades and nodes. The circles radiating from the inside out represent the taxonomic level from phylum to genus. Specific taxonomies at each level are represented by individual circles, with their diameter being indicative of their relative abundance. B Microbial taxa with a significant differential abundance and LDA score > 2 are illustrated in the histogram. Bar lengths convey the effect sizes that notably differentiate the NSIL, CIN1, CIN2, and CIN3 groups