Fig. 5

Angiogenic properties of ASC-derived bioproducts. Tube formation assay was chosen as inter-center comparison between centers. A Ability of ASC bioproducts to stimulate tube formation in vitro is represented as the relative tube formation of the negative control (EndoGRO-LS medium without VEGF). A wide range of tube formation was achieved in each center, with similar trends observed among groups, whereby CM and Protein-Rich Fraction showed superior angiogenic support abilities. B Representative phase contrast images of tubule-like networks in culture. C Increasing the EV ratio to 20:1 did not impact tube formation. D VEGF concentration was highly found in CM and protein-rich fraction but absent in both EV preparations. E Addition of 1 µM of ZM32381 in the CM and the protein-rich fraction preparations resulted in reduced tube formation. Data are represented as the mean ± SD of N = 3 ASC donors and n = 3 technical replicates per center. Statistical analysis was performed using One-Way ANOVA (D, E). * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001