Fig. 2

Multivariate analysis of associations between lethal prostate cancer among BPH/PV risk score or established prostate cancer risk scores. PCa, Prostate cancer; OR, Odds ratio; HR, Hazard ratio; CI, Confidence interval; PHS, Polygenic hazard score; BPH, Benign prostate hyperplasia; PV, prostate volume; SNP, Single nucleotide polymorphism; PRS, Polygenic risk score. The risk scores were standardized within each cohort by dividing by standard deviation. 1 PCa prevalence cohort: the cohort included all patients and used patient’s age at death or at last follow-up (2022 Jan 1st or lost) as time variable for mixed-effect Cox regression. Multivariate ORs were adjusted for age at last follow-up, family history, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, genotyping chip batches and 10 principal components. Multivariate HRs were adjusted for the same factors except for age. 2 PCa incidence cohort: the cohort excluded PCa patients before recruitment and used follow-up time as time variable for mixed-effect Cox regression. Multivariate ORs or HRs were adjusted for age at recruitment, family history, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, genotyping chip batches and 10 principal components. 3 PCa prognosis cohort: the cohort excluded patients without PCa at last follow-up and used survival time as time variable for mixed-effect Cox regression. Multivariate ORs or HRs were adjusted for age at onset, family history, Charlson Comorbidity Index score, genotyping chip batches and 10 principal components