From: The oral microbiome in autoimmune diseases: friend or foe?
Autoimmune disease | Sample type | Screening methodology | Group | Alterations in oral microbial profile | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IBD: UC and CD | Saliva | 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing | 22 IBD vs. 8 HCs | Increased: Saccharibacteria (TM7), Absconditabacteria (SR1), Leptotrichia, Prevotella, Bulleidia, and Atopobium | [133] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 54 UC, 13 CD vs. 25 HCs | UC: Increased of Streptococcus and Enterobacteriaceae species CD: Decreased of Lachnospiraceae and Prevotella | [134] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 29 CD vs. 31 HCs | Increased: g. Prevotella, f. Prevotellaceae, and p. Bacteroidetes | [137] |
RA | Subgingival plaque | Shotgun metagenomics sequencing | 48 positives for anti-CCP RA vs. 32 HCs | Increased: P. gingivalis | [154] |
 | Subgingival plaques | 16S rRNA sequencing | 54 RA vs. 44 HCs and 45 PD | Increased: Porphyromonas, Prevotella, and Veilonella Decreased: Streptococcus, Gemella, Planobacterium | [160] |
 | Subgingival plaque | 16 S rRNA sequencing | 8 RA and 10 non-RA | Increased: S. parasanguinis and Actinomyces meyeri | [162] |
SLE | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 35 SLE vs. 35 HCs | Increased: Veillonella, Streptococcus, and Prevotella | [168] |
 | Mucosa swabs | 16S rRNA sequencing | 25 SLE vs. 19 HCs | Decreased: Sphingomonadaceae, Halomonadaceae, and Xanthomonadaceae | [12] |
T1D | Oral swabs | Â | 53 T1D vs 50 HCs | Increased: Streptococcus spp., Actinomyces spp. and Rothia spp | [180] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 37 T1D vs 29 HCs | Increased: Streptococcus | [181] |
 | Subgingival | Bacterium-specific PCR | 24 T1D vs 27 HCs | Increased: Capnocytophaga sputigena and C. ochracea | [183] |
SS: PSS and SSS | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 9 pSS vs. 5 HCs | Increased: Bacteroidetes and Actinobacteria; Decreased: Proteobacteria | [197] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 37 pSS vs. 35 HCs | Increased: Bifidobacterium, Dialister, and Lactobacillus Decreased: Leptotrichia | [199] |
 | Supragingival plaque | CKB | 37 SS vs. 35 HCs | Increased: V. parvula, Fusobacterium nucleatum ss vincenti, and Propionibacterium acnes | [200] |
AS | Saliva | 16S rRNA metagenomic sequencing | 37 AS vs. 41 HCs | Increased: Veillonellaceae, Brucella spp, and C. concisus Decreased: Streptococcus | [207] |
MS | Saliva | 16S rRNA DGGE and Next generation sequencing | 30 MS vs. 30 HCs | Increased: Genera Staphylococcus, Actinomyces, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Veillonella, Propionibacterium and uncultivable bacteria | [211] |
AILDs: AIH, PBC, and PSC | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 68 AIH vs. 136 HCs | Increased: Streptococcus, Veillonella, and Leptotrichia | [216] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 56 AILD vs. 15 HCs | Increased: Eubacterium and Veillonella Decreased: Fusobacterium | [219] |
 | Saliva | 16S metagenomic sequencing | 39 PBS vs. 37 HCs | Increased: Bacteroidetes, Campylobacter, Prevotella, and Veillonella Decreased: Enterococcaceae, Granulicatella, Rothia, and Streptococcu | [220] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 35 PSC vs. 30 HCs | Increased: Veillonella, Scardovia, and Streptococcus | [226] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 24 PSC vs. 24 HCs | Decreased: Rothia and Haemophilus | [227] |
IgAN | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 28 lgAN vs. 25 HCs | Increased: Granulicatella; Decreased: Prevotella and Veillonella | [233] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA pyrosequencing | 28 lgAN vs. 14 HCs | Increased: Pasteurellaceae Decreased: Ratio of Firmicutes to Proteobacteria | [234] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing | 43 lgAN vs. 65 HCs | Increased: Neisseria | [235] |
 | Saliva | 16S rRNA sequencing | 31 lgAN vs. 30 HCs | Decreased: Capnocytophaga, Rothia, and Haemophilus | [236] |