Fig. 1

Valtrate inhibits cell proliferation in GBM cells. A Illustration of the chemical structure of valtrate derived in ChemDraw 20.0. B Cell viability determined with the CCK-8 assay for U251, LN229, A172, GBM#P3, BG5 and NHA treated with different concentrations of valtrate for 48 h. C IC50 values of valtrate for U251, LN229, A172, GBM#P3, BG5 and NHA. D Cell viability of U251, LN229 and GBM#P3 with valtrate at different concentrations (U251, LN229: 0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, and 8.0 μM; GBM#P3: 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 4.0 μM) and at different time points (24, 48 and 72 h). E–H Representative images of EdU assays for U251and LN229 treated with different concentrations of valtrate for 48 h and quantitative analysis. The percentage of EdU-positive cells was quantified in three random fields per sample. Scale bar, 50 μm. I–K Representative images of colony formation assays for U251 and LN229 cells with treatment of valtrate for 14 days and quantitative analysis of colony numbers. L Extreme limiting dilution assay performed with BG5. Data are shown as the mean ± SD and the differences between groups were analyzed with the Student’s t-test. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001