Diabetes, hypertension, and cardiovascular disease development

Table 3 Comparison of baseline characteristics in participants with coexistence of DM and HTN

Characteristics	DM and HTN participants				SMD
	With previous HTN (n = 21,158)		With previous DM (n = 21,158)
	N	%	N	%
Age, years
20–40	1368	6.47	1483	7.01	0.02
40–60	11,131	52.61	10,945	51.73	0.01
60–80	8659	40.93	8730	41.26	0.006
Mean ± SD	57.61 ± 11.85		57.50 ± 11.92		0.01
Gender
Female	10,106	47.76	10,114	47.8	0.008
Male	11,052	52.24	11,044	52.2	0.008
Obesity
Overweight	33	0.16	37	0.17	0.004
Obesity	189	0.89	214	1.01	0.01
Severe obesity	41	0.19	49	0.23	0.008
Smoking	243	1.15	266	1.26	0.01
Comorbidity
Dyslipidemia	10,059	52.27	11,185	52.86	0.01
CKD	951	4.49	1035	4.89	0.01
COPD	4097	19.36	1079	19.28	0.00
Liver cirrhosis	520	2.45	793	3.74	0.01
PAOD	467	2.21	489	2.31	0.007
DCSI score
0	10,277	48.57	7989	37.76	0.01
1	2376	11.23	3016	14.25	0.01
≥ 2	8505	40.20	10,153	47.99	0.02
CCI score
0	10,433	49.31	9134	43.17	0.21
1	6055	28.62	6515	30.79	0.09
≥ 2	4670	22.07	5509	26.04	0.15
Antidiabetic drugs
Metformin	3418	16.15	7344	34.71	0.44
Sulphonylurea	3068	14.50	7582	35.84	0.51
Thiazolidinedione	165	0.78	1601	7.57	0.34
DPP-4 inhibitors	123	0.58	548	2.59	0.16
α-glucosidase inhibitor	290	1.37	1471	6.95	0.28
Number of antidiabetic drugs
0–1	19,716	93.18	15,170	71.70	0.58
2–3	1435	6.78	5543	26.2	0.54
≥ 3	7	0.03	445	2.10	0.2
Insulin	4440	20.98	5388	25.47	0.1
Antihypertensive drugs
ACEI/ARB	9753	46.10	6384	30.17	0.33
β-blockers	9687	45.78	5509	26.04	0.42
Calcium-channel blockers	10,140	47.93	5757	27.21	0.44
Diuretics	7041	33.28	4137	19.55	0.43
Number of antihypertensive drugs
0–1	9843	46.52	15,407	72.82	0.55
2–3	9122	43.11	5503	26.01	0.36
≥ 3	2193	10.36	248	1.17	0.40
Other drug
Statin	4065	19.21	4090	19.33	0.003
Aspirin	2678	12.66	2836	13.40	0.02
HTN duration, year	3.45 ± 3.41		–
DM duration, year	–		3.42 ± 3.24

Data are shown as n (%) or mean ± SD. DM diabetes, HTN hypertension, CKD chronic kidney disease, COPD chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, PAOD peripheral arterial occlusion disease, ACEI angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, ARB angiotensin receptor blocker, CCI Charlson comorbidity index, DCSI diabetes complications severity index, SMD standardized mean difference. A standardized mean difference of 0.05 or less indicates a negligible difference

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