Fig. 7

Sirolimus and rosuvastatin co-treatment alleviate balloon injury-induced intimal hyperplasia in an experimental model. A Schematic illustration of the injury and application protocol. The rabbit abdominal aortas were injured using a balloon catheter and treated using a localized perivascular drug delivery device containing either a control or SIR + RSV. Blood vessels were harvested after 1, 2, and 4 weeks. The figure was created using BioRender. B Histological changes in the aortas were observed using hematoxylin and eosin staining after control or SIR + RSV treatment (scale bars = 50 μm). C Quantification of intimal and medial thickness, the ratio of intima/media, and neointima formation. C–E Transmission electron microscopy images of vascular smooth muscle cells in the treated aorta after 1 and 2 weeks and in the native aorta (Normal). Statistical significance was determined using Fisher’s least significant difference test (*p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001). SIR + RSV combination of sirolimus and rosuvastatin