Signalling pathway | Target | Oncogenic role | Potential therapeutic approach | Source |
---|---|---|---|---|
PI3K/Akt/mTOR | PI3K | NPC progression, CSC properties metastasis, radioresistance, cisplatin resistance and cytoskeleton dynamic | Inhibit PI3K by 2–4-morpholinyl-8-phenlchromone, omipalisib, gedatolisib, euscaphic acid or FOXO1 | |
FGF2 | Proliferation, migration, and invasion | Inhibited by miR-16 | [119] | |
Flot-2 | Metastasis and cell proliferation | Silencing Flot-2 | [120] | |
DNMT1 | Methylated miR152, downregulation of PTEN, activating Akt, inhibiting the miR-142-3p/Zinc-finger E-box binding homeobox 2 (ZEB2) axis (Invasion, migration, EMT and metastasis) | Downregulation | [121] | |
SREBP1 | Lipid synthesis promote cell proliferation and invasion | Downregulation | [122] | |
EpCAM | CSC, metastasis | Downregulate by MK2206 and rapamycin | [123] | |
HIF-1α | VM formation | Downregulation | [124] | |
COL1A1 | Radioresistance | Downregulating by MiR-29a | [125] | |
RBM3 | Radioresistance | Downregulation RBM3 | [81] | |
p85 | Radioresistance and tumourigenesis | Interacting with leucine zipper tumor suppressor 2 (LZTS2) | [126] | |
MK2 | EMT, cisplatin resistance | downregulating by miR-296-3p | [127] | |
VPS33B | Proliferation and chemoresistance | Upregulated by disrupting interaction with NESG1 | [128] | |
Cyclin D1(CCND1) | EMT | Downregulating miR-374a | [57] | |
MDK | Angiogenesis | Downregulating of by MiR-9 | [129] | |
TP53 | MDM2 | Chemoresistance | Competitive binding with Nutlin-3 and Idasanutlin | |
COX-2 | Chemoresistance | Downregulation | [132] | |
FOXO1 | Chemoresistance, CSC and EMT | Upregulated by CB | [133] | |
miR-125a and b | Anti-apoptosis | Downregulation | [134] | |
NF-κB | miR-203 | EMT and metastasis | Upregulated by aspirin | [135] |
Pim 1 | Cell proliferation | Suppressed by quercetagetin | [136] | |
IKK | Anti-apoptosis | Downregulate by flavonoid glycoside vitexin | [137] | |
VEGF | Angiogenesis | Suppressed by andrographolide | [138] | |
ICAM | Apoptosis, cell proliferation | Â | ||
MMP-9 | Invasion and metastasis | Â | ||
IκBα | Apoptosis and cell proliferation | Suppressed by simvastatin | [139] | |
BST2 | Chemoresistance | Downregulation | [140] | |
SIRT6 | Metastasis and anti-apoptosis | Upregulation | [141] | |
 | NEAT1 | Cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis | Knockout | [142] |
 | DLC-1 | EMT | Upregulation | [143] |
NF-κB | RERG | Angiogenesis cytokines, colony formation, invasion and migration | Demethylation | [144] |
NF-κB p65 | Cancer progression | Inhibited by EGCG | [145] | |
MAPK/ERK/JNK | Amyloid β precursor | Migration, invasion and EMT | Knockdown | [146] |
PAK1 | Apoptosis | Inhibited by IVM | [147] | |
MAP2K6 | ROS and apoptosis | Inhibited by HI-TOPK-032 | [148] | |
MNK1 | Apoptosis | Inhibited by compound 12dj | [149] | |
MET | Cell proliferation and radioresistance | Inhibited by PHA-665752 | [150] | |
BLU | Cell cycle and apoptosis | Upregulation | [151] | |
miR-124 | TGF-β-induced migration, invasion and cell proliferation | Upregulation | [152] | |
miR-483-5p | Colony formation, radioresistance and DNA damage | Downregulation | [153] | |
CTAR1 | Malignant transformation and cell survival | Inhibition | [154] | |
PIN 1 | Cell proliferation | Inhibited by juglone | [155] | |
JAK/STAT | STAT | Angiogenesis, migration, EMT, anti-apoptosis, cell proliferation and metastasis | Directly inhibited by ovatodiolide | [156] |
RKIP | Migration, invasion, metastasis and EMT | Upregulation | [157] | |
miR-29a | Cell proliferation, anti-apoptosis and drug resistance (taxol) | Upregulation | [158] | |
miR124-3p | Cell proliferation and anti-apoptosis | Upregulated by sulforaphane or knockout of UCA1 gene | ||
Wnt/β-catenin | CBP | CSC | Inhibited by foscenvivint | [161] |
β-catenin | CSC and radioresistance | Inhibited by binding of Chibby (Cby) to C-terminal of β-catenin • Inhibited it nuclear translocation by 14-3-3 adaptor proteins • Upregulation of miR-34c | ||
Capn4 | Proliferation and invasion | Inhibited by upregulation of miR-124 | [164] | |
LHX2 | Radioresistance | Inhibited by upregulation of miR-506 | [165] | |
FOXO3a | Radioresistance | Upregulation | [166] | |
Lgr5 | Chemoresistance and EMT | Downregulation | [167] |