Type | Epigenetic marks | Enzyme | Transcriptional Activity | Biological processes | Signaling pathway | Therapeutic interventions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Histone methylation | H3K27me3 | EZH2 | Repression | Cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, autophagy, energy production, survival | SMAD 1/5/9 | Tazemetostat, GSK126 | [68] |
Histone acetylation | H3K27ac | p300 | Activation | Cell growth, proliferation, differentiation | BRD4 | JQ1 RVX208, Apabetalone | |
/ | HDAC1, HDAC2 HDAC5, HDAC6 | Repression | Cell proliferation, differentiation, and survival | BRD4 | VPA, MGCD0103, MS-275, SAHA, Vorinostat, TubA, ACY-775 | ||
Non-coding RNA | microRNA | miR204 | Repression | Cell proliferation, migration, and contraction | BMPR2, ALK1, SMAD, NFAT, STAT3, BRD4 | Synthetic miR-204 (miR-204 mimic) | |
miR17/92 | Repression | Proliferation, apoptosis resistance | Mst1, Akt, PDH2, HIF1, VEGF, Glut1, HK2, PDK1 | miRVanaâ„¢ miRNA inhibitors | |||
lncRNA | lncRNA-MEG3, lncRNA-GAS5, lncRNA-CASC2 | Repression | Cell cycle, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, NO production, oxidative stress. | Cyclin A, Cyclin E, β-catenin, c-Myc, cyclinD1, PPARδ | R8-Lip-siMEG3 GAS5-Contained Exosomes | [106,107,108,109,110,111,112,113,114,115,116,117,118,119,120,121,122,123,124,125,126] | |
DNA methylation | 5mc; 5hmc | DNMT1 DNMT3a, DNMT3b | Repression | Proliferation, migration, oxidative stress, oxidative stress | SOD2, BMPR2, SMAD1/5/9 | 5-aza-2′-deoxycytidine Decitabine | |
TET1, TET2 | Activation | Inflammation, proliferation, apoptosis. | Il1b, Cxcr2, Csf3r, Ccr1, Mmp9, Cd33, Itgam, Il1R, Il1R2 | / |